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Companies are required to meet criteria set out in discharge permits. Biodegradable organics, suspended solids, and fats, oils and greases (FOGs) must be removed, acids and alkalis neutralised and toxic materials isolated.

Specialist contractors are widely used to design, build, install, commission, upgrade or maintain treatment plant.

Most will offer a suite of mechanical and electrical (MEICA) services, enabling facilities to be engineered to tackle the specific characteristics of the client's effluent stream.

Standard and possibly proprietary technologies will be combined to produce bespoke integrated systems.