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Light materials float to the surface and are removed by a skimmer, whilst heavier solids settle on the bottom of the tank.

In circular tanks a rotating scraper guides sludge to a removal point, and in rectangular tanks a collecting chain does the same job.

Chemical pre-treatment is not always essential, but is sometimes used to aid the process.

Tube settlers are an inexpensive method of improving the performance of existing standard clarifiers.

Wastewater flows up through a block of angled PVC tubes, which provide a large area onto which solids can settle. The solids then agglomerate and slide into a collection hopper at the bottom.

Lamella plate clarifiers have a significantly reduced footprint compared to standard clarifiers.

Wastewater flows upwards through a series of parallel plates inclined at 60 degrees. Again, solids settle on the plates and slide down to a hopper.